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Metaphysical representation about the nature of development - R.Virkhov. The dialectic concept - for the first time Gegel - the law of unity and conflict of opposites. Гиппократ has allocated 2 beginnings in illness: patos et ponos. Мечников - the main reason of an inflammation of an infection - struggle of two essences (¼¬/about; m/about). A macroorganism: stimulation лейкопоэза, change of circulation, increases number лейкоцитозов in a peripheral zone of a vessel - regional standing of leukocytes. A microorganism: toxins, мембранные components.
Pauls the law of unity and conflict of opposites as for the first time has formulated motive powers(forces) of development of illness. Its(his) concept: on the one hand the phenomena of damage, with another - явл. Protection and indemnifications. An example: an anemia - a tachycardia, a spasm of peripheral vessels, increase of breath, etc. in a counterbalance to loss of blood.
1. Pathological reactions
2. Arise in reply to action extreme раздражителя.
3. Are directed not on maintenance of a homeostasis, and on its(his) infringement.
4. Are directed on decrease(reduction) приспособляемости an organism to conditions of environment(Wednesday).
5. In the pure(clean) isolated kind in itself they do not meet. At their occurrence arise компенсаторные and protective reactions.
Protective reactions - are directed against the causal factor of illness (development(manufacture) of antibodies, phagocytes).
Компенсаторные reactions:
1. Arise in reply to the signal system of defect of functions and structures.
2. Are directed on restoration of a homeostasis.
3. Are directed on strengthening(amplification) приспособляемости an organism to varying conditions of environment(Wednesday).
4. Exist only at presence of pathological reactions.
Компенсаторные reactions - a special case of adaptive reactions.
Versions of adaptive reactions
1. Adaptations
2. Indemnifications
Individual adaptation - process as a result of which the organism gets stability absent earlier to the certain factor of Environment(Wednesday) and has an opportunity to live in conditions, before incompatible with a life, to solve problems(tasks), earlier unsoluble. If adaptation did not take place, there is an illness.
Indemnification - the process developing in a sick organism, providing reduction of the functional defect caused by damage, due to quantitative increase or qualitative change. Structures and functions of microsystems, bodies and the systems which have done not suffer at damage.
Structures and mechanisms of indemnifications
1. Pair bodies (kidneys, easy(light)). A hypertrophy of the second body at insufficiency of the first - викарирование body.
2. Presence of duplicating systems - allocation by kidneys, потовыми, lungs.
3. Presence of reserve structures: it is a lot of vessels in a slept condition at rest of body. Not all cells(cages) of body work, not all ядрышки in a kernel of a cell(cage) work.
4. Work of nervous system.
a) plasticity of a bark of a brain (a cell(cage) specialized on a bark).
b) многозвеньевая communication(connection) of a bark with periphery (нейроны cooperate).
c) felt structure of spending systems.
d) presence перекреста nervous ways.
e) ability of nervous cells(cages) at overexcitation to pass in a brake condition.
Regeneration - restoration of structures.
Levels of regeneration of an organism of the person:
• Molecular regeneration - отстройка molecules of fiber.
• Внутриорганоидная - restoration внутриорганоидных formations(educations).
• Органоидная - increase in number органоидов in a cell(cage).
• Endocellular regeneration
• Cellular regeneration
Hypertrophy - increase in the sizes of cells(cages)
гиперплазия - increase in number of cells(cages).
3 groups of bodies
1. Regeneration due to митотического divisions (гиперплазия): эпителий intestines.
2. Regeneration due to a hypertrophy - a myocardium.
3. Regeneration due to a hypertrophy and-плазии - lungs (increase in the sizes of cells(cages) and their numbers).
Reactions of adaptation and indemnification:
1. Urgent:
a) Join quickly
b) Operate(Work) not for long (mines, ч, day)
c) Develop due to previous (available) mechanisms.
2. Long-term:
3. Develop later more or less long time
4. Lasts long (sometimes all life)
a) have no preexisting ready mechanisms (strengthening(amplification) эритропоэза at кровопотере).
Example: Митральная insufficiency. In a systole желудочков the part of blood comes back in an auricle. At the next systole of an auricle in желудочек will go more blood = function of all structures Grows. Fiber for updating structures is necessary, but it(he) is spent, formed метаболиты wear processes. Quantity(amount) РНК increases, synthesis of fiber increases: an opportunity of a hypertrophy кардиомиоцитов. Intensity of functioning of each structure decreases. The genetic device stops the strengthened functioning.
Stages of reaction of the genetic device at reactions of indemnification:
1. The emergency stage - activation of synthesis НК and fiber also carries. Backlog of plastic maintenance of strengthening(amplification) of loading.
2. A steady hypertrophy - conformity of synthesis НК and plastic maintenance.
3. Gradual wear process and progressing органного a sclerosis.
Компенсаторные reactions have relative expediency. Positive cross adaptation - if the organism has adapted. Negative cross adaptation - training increases weight of muscles and a myocardium, but reduces weight of a liver, kidneys, adrenal glands.
Dangers:
1. An opportunity of functional wear process of system
2. Decrease(reduction) in a structural and functional reserve of other bodies which are not accepting participations in adaptation and indemnification.
The price of adaptation (indemnification) - a complex of negative changes developing in connection with adaptation or indemnification.
Компенсаторная reaction can be:
Useful - cough at a pneumonia
Harmful - dry cough in beginning ОРЗ
And useful and harmful - cough at a chronic bronchitis deletes мокроту, but conducts to increase in pressure in alveoluses: эмфизема, an obstacle of blood in a small circle of blood circulation - insufficiency right желудочка.
On a condition pathological and компенсаторных reactions - stages of illness
I a stage - obvious prevalence of pathological reactions above компенсаторными on a background of not used functional reserves of an organism.
II stage - expressiveness of reactions of indemnification, their equilibration with pathological on a background of strengthening(amplification) of an expenditure of functional reserves.
III stage:
Recover - constant participation of pathological reactions and levelling компенсаторных reactions.
Destruction - prevalence of pathological reactions above компенсаторными on a background of an exhaustion of functional reserves of an organism.
The phenomenon at a subcellular level precede reactions to a background of bodies and systems.
It is possible to influence reactions of indemnification actively: В12, элеуторококк, the ginseng, дибазол - адаптогены - increases adaptation on a background of their introduction. The effect from treatment depends on a stage of disease in which it is applied. In the second stage холестаза гемосорбция helps(assists) recover. In the third stage - worsens current of disease even more.
At treatment it is necessary:
1. To liquidate pathological reactions of an organism.
2. To create optimum conditions for development of reactions of indemnification (but to not stimulate them!). |
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